alfedena:
People do not realize that when we say Israel is a settler-colonial state, we mean it was literally devised in junction with European imperialism around the turn of the century.
Political Zionism was founded by Theodore Herzl. Originally, Zionists were not specifically interested in the land of Palestine as a colonial project. In fact, Herzl was debating making Argentina the focus of mass Zionist migration, which is quite ironic considering Argentina’s colonial and Aryanist past. British-controlled Uganda was also offered as a possibility by Joseph Chamberlain, a Conservative imperialist.
To encourage mass Jewish migration to Palestine, he worked with the British, who had recently drove the Ottoman Empire out of the Levant, and now boasted political dominance in the region, thanks to the Sykes–Picot Agreement between the UK, France, Italy, and Russia which covertly authorized British influence in Palestine, which had become a target of colonial expansion. He specifically wished to collaborate with Cecil Rhodes, a British imperialist who played a lead role in colonizing Zimbabwe and Zambia, and later took inspiration from his time spent extracting wealth from Africa as the founder of mining conglomerate the British South Africa Company.
Herzl’s personal goals for Zionism were colonial. He said in a letter to Rhodes:
“You are being invited to help make history. It doesn’t involve Africa, but a piece of Asia Minor; not Englishmen but Jews […] How, then, do I happen to turn to you since this is an out-of-the-way matter for you? How indeed? Because it is something colonial […] I […] have examined this plan and found it correct and practicable. It is a plan full of culture, excellent for the group of people for whom it is directly designed, and quite good for England, for Greater Britain […]”
At that time, Palestine was predominately populated with Arab Muslims and Christians, as well as Arab Jews (Old Yishuv) and Druze. Jews made up around 6% of the population. The Ottoman government specifically released a manifesto at the start of Zionist migration condemning the colonization, stating:
“[Jews] among us […] who have been living in our province since before the war; they are as we are, and their loyalties are our own.”
The Balfour Declaration of 1917 on behalf of parliament, officially established the British Mandate of Palestine, sowing the seeds for the modern state of Israel, by means of the UK’s ongoing occupation of the region.
Zionism was never about promoting Jewish culture or safety; it has always been tied up in Western (settler-)colonial expansion. !من النهر إلى البحر
Reblogging again because I see some really great points in the tags:
European endorsement of Aliyah at this time was absolutely motivated by anti-semitism and the removal of Jewish people from Europe. Even to this day we see the remnants of this Christian Zionism in far-right movements in the US, for example, with people like Richard Spencer praising Israel for its admirable qualities as an entho-state while simultaneously holding views in line with the world Jewish conspiracy. It is not coincidence that we see neo-Nazi circles in the West backing Zionism and Jewish migration to Israel.
Aside from that, I want to clarify my last point. The tactic often used by colonial states of attaching Indigenous culture to settler national identity is also seen in Israeli society with the revitalization of ancient Canaanite and Hebrew culture (as well as the appropriation of Palestinian culture). Along with this came the historical and contemporary suppression of Jewish culture within Israel.
Historically, Yiddish has been censored by the Israeli government. Yiddish art and publications were heavily discouraged and lots of Ashkenazi Jews immigrating to Israel Hebraized their last names and continue to do so to this day. Yiddish theater was taxed 10% while Hebrew theater was not.
Israel is also heavily racist towards Black Jews. Ethiopian Jews have been targeted by the Israeli government for sterilization. Ethiopian women have been coerced by doctors to take Depo-Provera, a long-lasting contraceptive, making up 57% of those who have received the drug in Israel. In some cases, they were told they could not immigrate unless they took the drug. The birthrate of Ethiopian-Israelis has dropped by 20% because of this. Blood donation by Ethiopian-Israelis is banned. There have been instances of Ethiopian-Israeli students being forced to learn in complete isolation from other students, as well as the beginning of Ethiopian-Israeli students’ education being delayed by months by the government. Beyond this, Igbo Jews from Nigeria were not permitted to make Aliyah.
And lastly, In the ‘40s and '50s, aprox. 1,000 to 5,000 Yemeni-Israeli children disappeared. 1 in 8 of Yemeni-Israeli children were affected (Tunisian, Morrocan, Balkan and other Arab-Jewish groups were also targeted). There is large speculation that many of these kids were abducted by the government specifically to be adopted by white, Ashkenazi Jews with more and more elderly Mizrahim coming out to this day about their experience being adopted.
I’m sure there are many other instances like these that I’m just not aware of. However, it becomes obvious that the creation of an Israeli state was for the purpose of continuing Western imperialism in SWANA while covertly expelling Jewish people from increasingly nationalist states in Europe in the 19th-20th centuries, not to cultivate Jewish security or culture.